São Paulo SP

Is a state of Brazil located in the Southeast Area. He/she has as limits: Minas Gerais (N and NE), Rio de Janeiro (NE), ocean Atlantic (L), Paraná (S) and Mato Grosso of the South (THE). It possesses 645 municipal districts and it occupies an area of 248.808,8 km². Its capital is the city of São Paulo and its current governor is Cláudio Lembo that substituted Geraldo Alckmin..
Besides, the state possesses América Latin's largest port, Porto of Santos. In that port, most of the load exported to another countries are transported.
Relief, altitude and climate
It presents a relatively high relief, since 85% of its surface are between 300 and 900 altitude meters. Tietê, Paranapanema, Big, Cloudy, Brown, of the Fish, Paraíba of the South and Piracicaba are its main rivers and its climate varies among tropical (north), tropical of altitude (east - it is Worth of Paraíba), and some subtropical stains (south - area of Apiaí, Itapeva).

Rio Tietê, one of the main rivers from São Paulo. In the image, the river is in the height of Cabreúva, which we noticed that there is still the poluíção of the metropolis.
The main rivers are: Tietê, Paranapanema, Big, Cloudy, of the Fish, Paraíba of the South and Piracicaba.
One of the main rivers that crosses the state, Tietê, is part of the Bacia Tietê-Paraná. Tietê is known more by its environmental pollution, but it is more economically one of the important.
Mesorregiões, microrregiões and municipal districts
The state of São Paulo is divided in fifteen mesorregiões, sixty three microrregiões and six hundred and forty five municipal districts according to the IBGE.


Division of Mesorregiões, Microrregiões and Municipal districts of the State of São Paulo
Population
São Paulo possesses the largest and more diversified population of Brazil. In 2005 the state arrived at the 40 million inhabitants.
To strong immigration in the end of the century XIX and beginning of the century XX, brought the state people of whole the parts of the world.
The population descends mainly of European immigrants (above all Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and German, although there is also a significant number of Dutchmen, Poles, Armenian, Swiss), African and ameríndios, and great communities of people of Middle East (Lebanese, Syrian and Turks) and Ásia Oriental (Japanese, Korean and Chinese).
A lot of people of another Brazilian states also migrate for São Paulo in search of work or better life conditions. In its largest part they are people originating from of Bahia, in the metropolitan area, of Minas Gerais and Paraná, in the interior.
São Paulo possesses the largest electoral school of the country, with 25.655.553 (IBGE/2002) of voters in whole the state.
Economy
Richer state of the Federation and the economic pole of South America, the state of São Paulo possesses a diversified economy. The industries metal-mechanics, alcohol and sugar, textile, automobile and of aviation; the sections of services and financial; and the orange cultivation, cane of sugar and coffee form the base of an economy that the arrives 1/3 of Brazilian GDP approximately (or 31,8% )e about of US$ 225 billion of GDP. Besides, the state offers good infrastructure for investments, due the good conditions of the highways.

Avenue From São Paulo, main economic center of the state of São Paulo and of Brazil
Industries
The industries are the main characteristics of the economy from São Paulo, due to the high industrial concentration in the state. From the crisis of 1929, in New York, the coffee gave place to the industries, which made São Paulo to stay in the leadership on the national industry until today. The state overcomes the industrial production of Rio de Janeiro, of Minas Gerais and the one of Big Rio of the South.
In the Industrial Area of Great ABCD it is located aerospace industries, like Embraer, national automobile industries, like Volks and to General Motors, among other types of industries.
Energy
The state of São Paulo since it is the industrialized of the units of the federation, the state is also the largest producer and consumer of national energy. It is observed that there is adult number of usinas hidrelétricas of the state he/she is the largest of the federation, also counting with an usina termelétrica
Economic history of São Paulo
It can be considered that the economic history from São Paulo begins with the cycle of the coffee, at that time in that the supremacy from São Paulo commanded it it politicizes national with the miners, the political call " of the coffee-with-milk ", during the period of the Old Republic, in that the state of São Paulo had an accelerated industrial expansion. The cycle lasts long until the crisis of the stock exchange of New York in 1929. The decadence of the cafeicultura provokes the transfer of the capital for the industry, that could be developed supported in the consuming market and in the hand of available work in the state. This first phase of the industrialization happens in the context economic Brazilian of the substitution of imports.
The period of larger growth of the industry of the state happens in Juscelino Kubitschek's mandate that promoted the internationalization of the Brazilian economy, bringing São Paulo (mainly in the area of ABC) the automobile industry.
Now the state is leader in several sections of the Brazilian economy, notedly in the financial section (concentrated in the city of São Paulo), automobile industry and of aviation and in the production sucroalcooleira and of orange juice.
First times
The name São Vicente was given by Américo Vespúcio, on January 22, 1502, in trip that objectified mapear the coast of Brazil. When it went by our area, he/she saw two islands (where today they are Santos and Guarujá) and the estuary, that found to be a river. It was day of São Vicente, having been baptized like this the place.
São Vicente's first povoações was not also official. There the Bachelor of Cananéia was abandoned. As many historians, it would have been him Portuguese Cosme Fernandes Pessoa, true founder of São Vicente, starting from where in fact it governed and it controlled the trade of the area. second document found by Portuguese Jaime Cortesão, the Bachelor would already live before even in Brazil of Cabral's arrival: THE degredado is mentioned in a documentodatado of April 24, 1499, discovered by Courtier, which reporta-if to a no-official trip of Bartolomeu Dias to Brazil. Another document, of 1526, describes São Vicente's town, informing that he/she would have a dozen houses, being just one of stone, with a tower for defense. Cosme Fernandes Pessoa was accused the King from Portugal close to, for two friends that received donations in lands in change, of maintaining relationships with Spaniards that lived more to the south, with danger for the Portuguese domain in the area. Martim Afonso of Sousa left to Brazil with several objectives. The first of them was it of establishing the colonization of Brazil officially, confirming the power of the crown. Of consequence, subtracting the power of Cosme Fernandes Pessoa hands. Informed, the Bachelor set on fire the place and he/she left with its personnel for Cananéia. Martim Afonso of Sousa founded São Vicente's town officially in the place in that they met the previous ruins, in the date of January 22, 1532. In 1536 the Bachelor of Cananéia (or Bacharel Cosme) it attacked, it plundered and it burned the town, hanging the old friend and treacherous Henrique Montes. That is the last historical registration on the Bachelor of Cananéia. Martim Afonso of Sousa distributed sesmarias and it made several constructions leaving populated São Vicente and organized.
São Vicente's Porto was white of the first great ecological disaster of Brazil: the earth to the beira sea was clean and cultivated. Being the sandy earth and tends the lost soil its protecting layer, the rains had taken the aareia for the sea açoreando São Vicente's port. Martim Afonso of Sousa had left of São Vicente on May 22, 1533, leaving the administration in Brás Vats' hands, which, tends in view the açoreamento of Porto, only communication road with the Portuguese Metropolis and the attack of the Bachelor of Cananéia to São Vicente, decided to set up new port in the area Enguaguaçu, local protected, where the port was transferred in 1536, establishing a town there. The simple fact of the name of the place to be indigenous, and non Portuguese, evidences that the initiative was not official. Brás Cubas attracted for there colonists of close areas and it founded a town, that futuramente would receive the name of Santos and it promoted improvements, as the construction of first Saint it Marries of Brazil. They are Vicente he/she enters like this in decline. Although there are news of the Portuguese women's existence in the fleet of Martim Afonso of Sousa, they were not still found registrations writings. The first relative written registration to women Portuguese comings to Brazil dates of 1550. The mothers were like this generally mamelucas or Indians.
São Vicente's foundation in the coast from São Paulo began the process of colonization of Brazil as the Portuguese government's systematic politics, motivated by the foreigners' presence that you/they threatened the ownership of the earth. Evidently, before that there was already there a Portuguese nucleus, that, to the likeness of others of the areas litorâneas, it had been constituted by shipwrecks and it dated, probably, of the beginning of the century XVI. It was, however, during the stay of Martim Afonso of Sousa that was founded, on January 20, 1532, São Vicente's villa and with her he/she settled the first effective mark of the Brazilian colonization.
São Vicente's name extended to the hereditary captaincy donated to same Martim Afonso by the King from Portugal. The first name of São Paulo was like this Captaincy of São Vicente.
In spite of the countless difficulties to transpose the mountain of the Sea, the fields of the plateau soon attracted the povoadores, what turned São Paulo an exception in the type of colonization of the Portuguese of the first times, that you/they noticed above all in the coast. Thus, in 1553, the Jesuits created Santo André's villa. The following year, the priests of Jesus' Company founded in Piratininga a school for the Indians, cradle of the villa of São Paulo.
The strip litorânea, narrows for the presence of the mountain, it didn't present the necessary conditions for the development of the great lavoura. For its time, the plateau came across the serious obstacle of the on the way to the Sea, that, instead of calling, it isolated the area of Piratininga, denying it the access to the ocean and, therefore, the easiness for the transport. In consequence, the captaincy was relegated to a plan economic inferior, impeded of cultivating with success the great agricultural product of colonial Brazil, the sugar-cane, and of competing with the main sugar zone of the time, represented by Pernambuco and Bahia.
He/she settled down in Piratininga a subsistence policultura, based on the forced work of the Indian. The inventories of the first from São Paulo accused small amount of imports and it completes deluxe absence, the poverty even. The isolation created at the plateau a peculiar society. To arrive to São Paulo requested special fiber in the fight against the difficulties of the access to the mountain, the attacks of the Indians, the hunger, the diseases, what would take the European migration the rigorous selective process. Such life conditions would determine the formation of a society in more democratic molds than the ones of that that had settled down more to the north of the colony.
It competed in good part for so much the mamelucos proliferation originating from of the inevitable and intense crossing with the Indians of the earth, belonging to the tribes tupis that you/they dominated the Brazilian coast. In São Paulo, especially, the hibridismo luso-tupi in its ethnic-cultural feature would not attenuate as quickly as it happened in another areas in that the flow of blacks and the easiest contact with the metropolis came to dilute it. Plus than in any other place, the Portuguese would know, to the shade of an exceptional adaptation capacity, to integrate certain cultural lines of the tupis that would allow to survive it--and plus, to remove profit of the hostile interior.
Exploration and occupation
In the beginning of the century XVI the coast from São Paulo is visited by Portuguese and Spanish navigators, but only in 1532 he/she gives him the foundation of the first povoação, São Vicente in the Slope From Santos for Martim Afonso of Sousa.
The search of precious metals took the Portuguese they surpass it the Mountain of the Sea, for the old road índigena of Peabiru and in 1554, in the existent plateau after the Mountain of the Sea, the villa of São Paulo of Piratininga is founded, for the priest Spanish Jesuit José of Anchieta.
Already in this date the future territory from São Paulo would be divided in two administrative entities: São Vicente's Captaincy, embracing the Slope From Santos and the Plateau of São Paulo and Santo Amaro's Captaincy, understanding the areas now of the it is Worth of Paraíba and North Coast.
Until the end of the century XVI is founded other villa in I spill it of the plateau, like Santo André and Santana from Parnaíba, guaranteeing like this the safety and subsistence of the villa of São Paulo.
The flags
Economic difficulties, I clink sertanista, geographical location (São Paulo was an important center of fluvial and terrestrial circulation), adventure spirit, they would be powerful pulses in pulled up her for the interior. Since the first times of the colonization they were constant the attacks, in a defensive bandeirismo that sought to guarantee the expansion from São Paulo of the century XVII. This would be the great century of the flags, that in that the offensive bandeirismo would begin properly says, whose purpose was largely the immediate profit provided by the hunt to the Indian. Of the villa of São Paulo they left the flags of apresamento chefiadas for Antônio Raposo Tavares, Manuel Preto, André Fernandes, among others.


Monument in honor to the Members of the Bandeiras
The peculiar conditions of life in the plateau allowed that the from São Paulo, during the first two centuries, enjoyed considerable autonomy in sections as defense, relationships with the Indians, ecclesiastical administration, public works and municipal services, control of prices and goods. The City halls, composed by " good " men of the earth, rarely controlled inside of its legitimate attributions; in São Paulo, especially, its independence almost made to forget the government lusitano.
Of the apresamento bandeirismo he/she happened to the bandeirismo minerador, when the activity of a Borba Gato, Bartolomeu Bueno of Silva, Paschal Moreira Cabral and others were rewarded with the encounter of the auriferous veins. Probation lasts it was the effect of the discovery of the gold on São Paulo and other villas of the plateau: everybody looked for the immediate enriquecimento represented by the precious metal. As José Joaquim Machado of Oliveira said, there " was not from São Paulo that, more or less, he stopped caressing the thought of discovering mines ".
Thus, the povoamento of the Brazilian interiors was made herself with the inhabitants' from São Paulo sacrifice and in detriment of the density populacional of the captaincy. That demographic rupture, allied to geographical factors already mentioned (the mountain of the Sea), it caused a fall of the agricultural productivity, as well as the decline of another activities, what accentuated the poverty of the people in elapsing of the century XVIII. The captaincy, that then embraced the whole area of the auriferous discoveries, it was transferred for the crown and there he/she settled own government in 1709, separate from the government from Rio de Janeiro and with thirst in the villa of São Paulo, high the city in 1711.